TY - JOUR
T1 - Impact of dust cooling on direct-collapse black hole formation
AU - Latif, M. A.
AU - Omukai, K.
AU - Habouzit, M.
AU - Schleicher, D. R.G.
AU - Volonteri, M.
N1 - Funding Information:
This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 656428. The research leading to these results has also received funding from the European Research Council under the European Community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013 Grant Agreement No. 614199, project "BLACK"). KO acknowledges the Grants-in-aid from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology (MEXT) of Japan (25287040). This work was granted access to the HPC resources of TGCC under the allocation x2015046955 made by GENCI. The simulation results are analyzed using the visualization toolkit for astrophysical data YT (Turk et al. 2011).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2016. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved..
PY - 2016/5/20
Y1 - 2016/5/20
N2 - Observations of quasars at z > 6 suggest the presence of black holes with a few times 109 M⊙. Numerous models have been proposed to explain their existence, including a direct collapse, which provides massive seeds of 105 M⊙. The isothermal direct collapse requires a strong Lyman-Werner (LW) flux to quench H2 formation in massive primordial halos. In this study, we explore the impact of trace amounts of metals and dust enrichment. We perform three-dimensional cosmological simulations for two halos of >107 M⊙ with = 10-4-10-6 illuminated by an intense LW flux of J21 = 105. Our results show that initially the collapse proceeds isothermally with T ∼ 8000 K, but dust cooling becomes effective at densities of 108-1012cm-3 and brings the gas temperature down to a few 100-1000 K for Z/Z⊙ 10-6. No gravitationally bound clumps are found in the Z/Z⊙ ≲ 10-5 cases by the end of our simulations, in contrast to the case with Z/Z⊙ = 10-4. Large inflow rates of ≥0.1 M⊙ yr-1 are observed for Z/Z⊙ ≤ 10-5, similar to a zero-metallicity case, while for Z/Z⊙=10-4 the inflow rate starts to decline earlier because of dust cooling and fragmentation. For given large inflow rates, a central star of ∼104 M⊙ may form for Z/Z⊙≤10-5.
AB - Observations of quasars at z > 6 suggest the presence of black holes with a few times 109 M⊙. Numerous models have been proposed to explain their existence, including a direct collapse, which provides massive seeds of 105 M⊙. The isothermal direct collapse requires a strong Lyman-Werner (LW) flux to quench H2 formation in massive primordial halos. In this study, we explore the impact of trace amounts of metals and dust enrichment. We perform three-dimensional cosmological simulations for two halos of >107 M⊙ with = 10-4-10-6 illuminated by an intense LW flux of J21 = 105. Our results show that initially the collapse proceeds isothermally with T ∼ 8000 K, but dust cooling becomes effective at densities of 108-1012cm-3 and brings the gas temperature down to a few 100-1000 K for Z/Z⊙ 10-6. No gravitationally bound clumps are found in the Z/Z⊙ ≲ 10-5 cases by the end of our simulations, in contrast to the case with Z/Z⊙ = 10-4. Large inflow rates of ≥0.1 M⊙ yr-1 are observed for Z/Z⊙ ≤ 10-5, similar to a zero-metallicity case, while for Z/Z⊙=10-4 the inflow rate starts to decline earlier because of dust cooling and fragmentation. For given large inflow rates, a central star of ∼104 M⊙ may form for Z/Z⊙≤10-5.
KW - black hole physics
KW - cosmology: theory
KW - galaxies: formation
KW - methods: numerical
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U2 - 10.3847/0004-637X/823/1/40
DO - 10.3847/0004-637X/823/1/40
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:84974853372
SN - 0004-637X
VL - 823
JO - Astrophysical Journal
JF - Astrophysical Journal
IS - 1
M1 - 40
ER -