@article{9fdb61282582424bb905a601cbe02699,
title = "Energy location of Ce3+ 4f level and majority carrier type in Gd3Al2Ga3O12:Ce crystals studied by surface photovoltage spectroscopy",
abstract = "Gd3Al2Ga3O12:Ce (GAGG:Ce) was studied by surface photovoltage spectroscopy using the ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy technique with synchrotron radiation and a laser source. The lowest Ce3+ 4f level is located below the conduction band minimum by 3.02 eV. This result is supported by the excitation spectrum for photo-stimulated luminescence and is compatible with the value predicted by the vacuum-referred binding energy scheme for GAGG:Ce. It is also found that GAGG:Ce is of the p-type. The information on the energy location of the Ce3+ 4f level and majority carrier type provides us with hints on how to improve the optical properties of GAGG:Ce for photonic device applications.",
author = "Mamoru Kitaura and Junpei Azuma and Manabu Ishizaki and Kei Kamada and Shunsuke Kurosawa and Shinta Watanabe and Akimasa Ohnishi and Kazuhiko Hara",
note = "Funding Information: The present study was supported through KAKENHI (Grant No. 26420673) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), Cooperative Research Project of Research Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University, and the Inter-University Cooperative Research Program of the Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2017 Author(s).",
year = "2017",
month = jun,
day = "19",
doi = "10.1063/1.4987141",
language = "English",
volume = "110",
journal = "Applied Physics Letters",
issn = "0003-6951",
publisher = "American Institute of Physics Publising LLC",
number = "25",
}