Tin-diffused glass slab waveguides locally covered with tapered thin TiO₂ films for application as a polarimetric interference sensor with an improved performance

Common soda lime slide glass substrates made by floating molten glass on the surface of molten tin contain a tin-diffused layer that is demonstrated to be a low-loss polarization-insensitive slab optical waveguide. In this study, such a tin-diffused waveguide was locally covered with a tapered thin TiO ₂ film to form a composite structure in which the zeroth-order transverse electric (TE₀) and magnetic (TM₀) modes are spatially separated from each other. This feature enables the composite structure to serve as a highly sensitive polarimetric interferometer. Moreover, a negligible modal birefringence of tin-diffused waveguides offers the polarimetric interferometer an improved performance relative to those fabricated earlier using single-mode potassium ion-exchanged glass waveguides. In situ detection of both the protein adsorption and a small change in refractive index of liquid was accomplished using the tin-diffused waveguide-based polarimetric interferometer. With horse heart myoglobin, adsorption from aqueous solution less than 0.125 monolayer coverage can cause the interferometer to yield a phase-difference change Δφ = 2π.