TY - JOUR
T1 - Sweat constitutes several natural moisturizing factors, lactate, urea, sodium, and potassium
AU - Watabe, Akiko
AU - Sugawara, Tomoko
AU - Kikuchi, Katsuko
AU - Yamasaki, Kenshi
AU - Sakai, Shingo
AU - Aiba, Setsuya
N1 - Funding Information:
This study was supported in part by the 21st COE program of Tohoku University , by a grant-in-aid for scientific research from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science ( 23659541 ), and by Health Labour Sciences Research Grant .
PY - 2013/11
Y1 - 2013/11
N2 - Background: Amino acids (AAs) play important roles in maintaining an optimal hydration state of stratum corneum (SC) as a natural moisturizing factor (NMF). Recently, however, we have reported that lactate and potassium significantly affect the hydration state of SC. Objective: To explore the source of lactate and potassium in SC, we compared the concentration of various NMFs such as AAs, pyrrolidone carbonic acid (PCA), lactate, sodium, and potassium in SC between anhidrotic and adjacent hidrotic areas of patients with acquired idiopathic generalized anhidrosis or segmental anhidrosis. Methods: We examined 13 anhidrotic areas and the adjacent hidrotic skin of 10 different patients. We first determined anhidrotic and hidrotic areas of each patient by the iodine starch method and examined the hydration state of SC by measuring the high-frequency conductance. Then we obtained SC by tape stripping and measured the content of AAs, PCA, lactate, urea, sodium, and potassium in SC obtained from the anhidrotic and hidrotic areas. We examined the effect of increased insensible perspiration on the SC hydration and the concentrations of NMFs. Results: The SC of anhidrotic areas showed significantly low hydration. Among NMFs, lactate, urea, sodium, and potassium were significantly decreased in the SC of anhidrotic areas, while AAs and PCA were not significantly different between hidrotic and anhidrotic areas. Increased insensible perspiration increased SC hydration as well as NMFs other than AAs and PCA. Conclusion: Sweat constitutes lactate, urea, sodium, and potassium in NMFs and plays a crucial role in maintaining the physiological hydration state of SC.
AB - Background: Amino acids (AAs) play important roles in maintaining an optimal hydration state of stratum corneum (SC) as a natural moisturizing factor (NMF). Recently, however, we have reported that lactate and potassium significantly affect the hydration state of SC. Objective: To explore the source of lactate and potassium in SC, we compared the concentration of various NMFs such as AAs, pyrrolidone carbonic acid (PCA), lactate, sodium, and potassium in SC between anhidrotic and adjacent hidrotic areas of patients with acquired idiopathic generalized anhidrosis or segmental anhidrosis. Methods: We examined 13 anhidrotic areas and the adjacent hidrotic skin of 10 different patients. We first determined anhidrotic and hidrotic areas of each patient by the iodine starch method and examined the hydration state of SC by measuring the high-frequency conductance. Then we obtained SC by tape stripping and measured the content of AAs, PCA, lactate, urea, sodium, and potassium in SC obtained from the anhidrotic and hidrotic areas. We examined the effect of increased insensible perspiration on the SC hydration and the concentrations of NMFs. Results: The SC of anhidrotic areas showed significantly low hydration. Among NMFs, lactate, urea, sodium, and potassium were significantly decreased in the SC of anhidrotic areas, while AAs and PCA were not significantly different between hidrotic and anhidrotic areas. Increased insensible perspiration increased SC hydration as well as NMFs other than AAs and PCA. Conclusion: Sweat constitutes lactate, urea, sodium, and potassium in NMFs and plays a crucial role in maintaining the physiological hydration state of SC.
KW - Amino acid
KW - Anhidrosis
KW - Lactate
KW - Natural moisturizing factor
KW - Pyrrolidone carbonic acid
KW - Urea
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U2 - 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2013.06.005
DO - 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2013.06.005
M3 - Article
C2 - 23871424
AN - SCOPUS:84885082820
VL - 72
SP - 177
EP - 182
JO - Journal of Dermatological Science
JF - Journal of Dermatological Science
SN - 0923-1811
IS - 2
ER -