@article{a4171818273440c9a0e6a3f83f53958f,
title = "Stimulus Adjustment Protocol for FES-Induced Standing in Paraplegia Using Percutaneous Intramuscular Electrodes",
abstract = "The desirable upright posture for standing via functional electrical stimulation (FES) is defined based on simulation results using a link model in the sagittal plane. The criterion for the posture selection is the minimization of the sum of the squared joint flexion moments caused by gravity. The stimulus intensities are adjusted systematically to attain the defined upright posture. Controlled standing was achieved in a Th7 and a Th8-level spinal-cord-injured paraplegic individuals without joint contracture, by using the stimulus adjustment protocol. A practical standing without any bracing devices was obtained, with the vertical upper extremity support of less than four percent of the body weight, and with single-hand-support attainable. The maximal durations of standing were 30 minutes in both cases.",
author = "Kinya Fujita and Yasunobu Handa and Nozomu Hoshimiya and Masayoshi Ichie",
note = "Funding Information: On the other hand, the development of percutaneous intramuscular electrodes and the corresponding implantation techniques and stimulator design have provided selective stimulation of a number of muscles [6]-[8]. Some studies have attempted to restore upper and lower extremity functions based on this percutaneous electrode technology. Selective activation of muscles via a number of electrodes has made it possi6le to attain higher-order functions such as grasping or stairway climbing [9]-Ell]. These references have described the electrodes, the technique for the electrodes implantation, and other engineering and medical concems. Since the stimulus intensities for the separate electrodes were adjusted experimentally, a long time was required to improve the restored FES motion, even though a standard stimulation pattem was used that had been obtained from EMG analysis of the movement of neurologically intact individuals. This extensive time requirement increased the mental and physical Manuscript received March 15, 1994; revised June 23, 1995. This work was supported in part by the Ministry of Education, Science, and Culture of Japan under Grant-in-Aid 03750367, 04750432, and 05750388. K. Fujita is with the Department of Computer and Information Science, Iwate University, Morioka 020, Japan. Y. Handa is with the Department of Restrative Neuromuscular Surgery and Rehabilitation, Tohoku University, Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980, Japan. N. Hoshimiya is with the Department of Electronic Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980, Japan. M. Ichie is with the Department of Physical Therapy, Akita University, Akita 010, Japan. IEEE Log Number 9415106.",
year = "1995",
month = dec,
doi = "10.1109/86.481976",
language = "English",
volume = "3",
pages = "360--366",
journal = "IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering",
issn = "1534-4320",
publisher = "Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.",
number = "4",
}