Scale effect in heat and fluid flow and nano- and micro-machines

Micro- and nano-scale systems are explained and are categorized in terms of heat and fluid flow phenomena. Some typical applications of nano- and micro-machines are presented. Heat and fluid flow phenomena of nano-micro spatio-temporal systems are described as follows. Micro-systems: The size of the micro-machine element ranges from 1 μm to 1 mm. The fluid motion and heat transfer can be treated as a continuum, and is described by Navier-Stokes equations and Fourier's law. Nano-systems: The fluid cannot be treated as a continuum. Discontinuity and wave characteristics of fluid and energy have to be considered.