TY - JOUR
T1 - Retinal layers and associated clinical factors in schizophrenia spectrum disorders
T2 - a systematic review and meta-analysis
AU - Komatsu, Hiroshi
AU - Onoguchi, Goh
AU - Jerotic, Stefan
AU - Kanahara, Nobuhisa
AU - Kakuto, Yoshihisa
AU - Ono, Takashi
AU - Funakoshi, Shunichi
AU - Yabana, Takeshi
AU - Nakazawa, Toru
AU - Tomita, Hiroaki
N1 - Funding Information:
This work was partially supported by the Tohoku University Advanced Research Center for Innovations in Next-Generation Medicine. We would like to thank Dr Francisco J. Ascaso, Thomas Krege, and Schönfeldt-Lecuona for their comments on our inquiry. We would like to thank Editage ( www.editage.com ) for English language editing.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.
PY - 2022/9
Y1 - 2022/9
N2 - Introduction: The retina shares structural and functional similarities with the brain. Furthermore, structural changes in the retina have been observed in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSDs). This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated retinal abnormalities and their association with clinical factors for SSD. Methods: Studies related to retinal layers in SSD patients were retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Controlled Register of Trials, International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, and PSYNDEX databases from inception to March 31, 2021. We screened and assessed the eligibility of the identified studies. EZR ver.1.54 and the metafor package in R were used for the meta-analysis and a random-effects or fixed-effects model was used to report standardized mean differences (SMDs). Results: Twenty-three studies (2079 eyes of patients and 1571 eyes of controls) were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. The average peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) thickness, average macular thickness (MT), and macular ganglion cell layer-inner plexiform layer (GCL-IPL) thickness were significantly lower in patients than in controls (n = 14, 6, and 3, respectively; SMD = −0.33, −0.49, and −0.43, respectively). Patients also had significantly reduced macular volume (MV) compared to controls (n = 7; SMD = −0.53). The optic cup volume (OCV) was significantly larger in patients than in controls (n = 3; SMD = 0.28). The meta-regression analysis indicated an association between several clinical factors, such as duration of illness and the effect size of the pRNFL, macular GCL-IPL, MT, and MV. Conclusion: Thinning of the pRNFL, macular GCL-IPL, MT, and MV and enlargement of the OCV in SSD were observed. Retinal abnormalities may be applicable as state/trait markers in SSDs. The accumulated evidence was mainly cross-sectional and requires verification by longitudinal studies to characterize the relationship between OCT findings and clinical factors.
AB - Introduction: The retina shares structural and functional similarities with the brain. Furthermore, structural changes in the retina have been observed in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSDs). This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated retinal abnormalities and their association with clinical factors for SSD. Methods: Studies related to retinal layers in SSD patients were retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Controlled Register of Trials, International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, and PSYNDEX databases from inception to March 31, 2021. We screened and assessed the eligibility of the identified studies. EZR ver.1.54 and the metafor package in R were used for the meta-analysis and a random-effects or fixed-effects model was used to report standardized mean differences (SMDs). Results: Twenty-three studies (2079 eyes of patients and 1571 eyes of controls) were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. The average peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) thickness, average macular thickness (MT), and macular ganglion cell layer-inner plexiform layer (GCL-IPL) thickness were significantly lower in patients than in controls (n = 14, 6, and 3, respectively; SMD = −0.33, −0.49, and −0.43, respectively). Patients also had significantly reduced macular volume (MV) compared to controls (n = 7; SMD = −0.53). The optic cup volume (OCV) was significantly larger in patients than in controls (n = 3; SMD = 0.28). The meta-regression analysis indicated an association between several clinical factors, such as duration of illness and the effect size of the pRNFL, macular GCL-IPL, MT, and MV. Conclusion: Thinning of the pRNFL, macular GCL-IPL, MT, and MV and enlargement of the OCV in SSD were observed. Retinal abnormalities may be applicable as state/trait markers in SSDs. The accumulated evidence was mainly cross-sectional and requires verification by longitudinal studies to characterize the relationship between OCT findings and clinical factors.
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U2 - 10.1038/s41380-022-01591-x
DO - 10.1038/s41380-022-01591-x
M3 - Review article
C2 - 35501407
AN - SCOPUS:85129288467
SN - 1359-4184
VL - 27
SP - 3592
EP - 3616
JO - Molecular Psychiatry
JF - Molecular Psychiatry
IS - 9
ER -
