Proinflammatory cytokines detectable in synovial fluids from patients with temporomandibular disorders

Objective. To measure the levels of the proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor- (TNF)α, IL-8, and interferon- (IFN) γ i synovial fluid samples taken from patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Study design. We studied 6 asymptomatic volunteers and 51 patients with TMD. The IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-8, and IFN-γ levels in temporomandibular joint synovial fluid were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results. Measurable level of at least one cytokine in the synovial fluid was found in 40 (64.5%) of 62 joints in the patients: IL-1β and IFN-γ each detected in 18 (29.0%) of 62 joints; IL-6 in 13 (21.0%) of 62 joints; IL-8 in 11 (19.3%) of 57 joints; and TNF-α in only 5 (8.1%) of 62 joints. None of these cytokines was detectable in the synovial fluid in the control group. Furthermore, there was a strong correlation between the detection of IL-1β and pain in the joint area. Conclusions. These data clearly demonstrate increased levels of several proinflammatory cytokines in certain patients with TMD and suggest that these cytokines may play a role in the pathogenesis of synovitis and degenerative changes of the cartilaginous tissue and bone of the temporomandibular joint.