TY - JOUR
T1 - Identification of a reptile lyssavirus in Anolis allogus provided novel insights into lyssavirus evolution
AU - Horie, Masayuki
AU - Akashi, Hiroshi
AU - Kawata, Masakado
AU - Tomonaga, Keizo
N1 - Funding Information:
We are grateful to Chiaki Tanaka for her assistance with the detection of ALLV-1 from anole specimens. The supercomputing resources were provided by the NIG supercomputer at ROIS National Institute of Genetics and Human Genome Center, the Institute of Medical Science, the University of Tokyo. We also would like to thank Enago (www.enago.jp ) for the English language review.
Funding Information:
This study was supported by the Hakubi project at Kyoto University (MH); Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Science, Sports, and Technology (MEXT) of Japan, Grant Numbers JP17H05821 (MH), JP19H04833 (MH), JP16H06429 (KT), JP16K21723 (KT), and JP16H0643 (KT); Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (S) from Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), Grant Number JP20H05682 (KT). Acknowledgements
Publisher Copyright:
© 2020, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
PY - 2021/2
Y1 - 2021/2
N2 - Lyssaviruses (genus Lyssavirus) are negative-strand RNA viruses belonging to the family Rhabdoviridae. Although a lyssa-like virus (frog lyssa-like virus 1 [FLLV-1]), which is distantly related to lyssaviruses, was recently identified in frogs, a large phylogenetic gap exists between those viruses, and thus the evolution of lyssaviruses is unclear. In this study, we detected a lyssa-like virus from publicly available RNA-seq data obtained using the brain and skin of Anolis allogus (Spanish flag anole), which was designated anole lyssa-like virus 1 (ALLV-1), and determined its complete coding sequence. Via mapping analysis, we demonstrated that ALLV-1 was actively replicating in the original brain and skin samples. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that ALLV-1 is more closely related to lyssaviruses than FLLV-1. Overall, the topology of the tree is compatible with that of hosts, suggesting the long-term co-divergence of lyssa-like and lyssaviruses and vertebrates. The ψ region, which is a long 3′ untranslated region of unknown origin present in the G mRNA of lyssaviruses (approximately 400–700 nucleotides), is also present in the genome of ALLV-1, but it is much shorter (approximately 180 nucleotides) than those of lyssaviruses. Interestingly, FLLV-1 lacks the ψ region, suggesting that the ψ region was acquired after the divergence of the FLLV-1 and ALLV-1/lyssavirus lineages. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to identify a lyssa-like virus in reptiles, and thus, our findings provide novel insights into the evolution of lyssaviruses.
AB - Lyssaviruses (genus Lyssavirus) are negative-strand RNA viruses belonging to the family Rhabdoviridae. Although a lyssa-like virus (frog lyssa-like virus 1 [FLLV-1]), which is distantly related to lyssaviruses, was recently identified in frogs, a large phylogenetic gap exists between those viruses, and thus the evolution of lyssaviruses is unclear. In this study, we detected a lyssa-like virus from publicly available RNA-seq data obtained using the brain and skin of Anolis allogus (Spanish flag anole), which was designated anole lyssa-like virus 1 (ALLV-1), and determined its complete coding sequence. Via mapping analysis, we demonstrated that ALLV-1 was actively replicating in the original brain and skin samples. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that ALLV-1 is more closely related to lyssaviruses than FLLV-1. Overall, the topology of the tree is compatible with that of hosts, suggesting the long-term co-divergence of lyssa-like and lyssaviruses and vertebrates. The ψ region, which is a long 3′ untranslated region of unknown origin present in the G mRNA of lyssaviruses (approximately 400–700 nucleotides), is also present in the genome of ALLV-1, but it is much shorter (approximately 180 nucleotides) than those of lyssaviruses. Interestingly, FLLV-1 lacks the ψ region, suggesting that the ψ region was acquired after the divergence of the FLLV-1 and ALLV-1/lyssavirus lineages. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to identify a lyssa-like virus in reptiles, and thus, our findings provide novel insights into the evolution of lyssaviruses.
KW - Anolis allogus
KW - Lyssavirus
KW - Metaviromics
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85095412906&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85095412906&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1007/s11262-020-01803-y
DO - 10.1007/s11262-020-01803-y
M3 - Article
C2 - 33159637
AN - SCOPUS:85095412906
VL - 57
SP - 40
EP - 49
JO - Virus Genes
JF - Virus Genes
SN - 0920-8569
IS - 1
ER -