Abstract
This chapter discusses the hybridization of carbon atoms and shows that the directions of chemical bonds within a molecule cannot always be anticipated. An analytical expression for the general spnhybridization is also given. When a third chemical bond from two given chemical bonds is constructed in a general sp3 hybridization, there is a forbidden region of directions for the third chemical bond. The sp2 hybridization of graphite can be modified to the sp3 hybridization by doping with a halogen atom. Defect states induced by structural disorder, doping and a finite crystalline size are essential to control hybridization in carbon materials. This hybridization is characterized by experimentation using a variety of spectroscopic techniques such as: the Raman scattering, the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and the scanning tunnelling microscope/scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STM/STS) techniques. The Raman spectroscopy for graphite, diamond, fullerenes and carbon nanotubes is widely used for characterizations. In fullerenes, because of the high symmetry of the molecule, there exist special Raman-active modes of the molecule.
Original language | English |
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Title of host publication | Carbon Alloys |
Subtitle of host publication | Novel Concepts to Develop Carbon Science and Technology |
Publisher | Elsevier Ltd |
Pages | 15-40 |
Number of pages | 26 |
ISBN (Print) | 9780080441634 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - 2003 Jan 1 |
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Chemistry(all)