Gut Microbiome and Colon Cancer: Role of Bacterial Metabolites and Their Molecular Targets in the Host

Purpose of Review: The relationship between colonic bacteria and the host is symbiotic, but how communication between the two partners occurs is just beginning to be understood at the molecular level. Here, we highlight specific products of bacterial metabolism that are present in the colonic lumen and their molecular targets in the host that facilitate this communication. Recent Findings: Colonic epithelial cells and mucosal immune cells express several cell surface receptors and nuclear receptors that are activated by specific bacterial metabolites, which impact multiple signaling pathways and expression of many genes. In addition, some bacterial metabolites also possess the ability to cause epigenetic changes in these cells via inhibition of selective enzymes involved in the maintenance of histone acetylation and DNA methylation patterns. Summary: Colonic bacteria communicate with their host with selective metabolites that interact with host molecular targets. This chemical communication underlies a broad range of the biology and function of colonic epithelial cells and mucosal immune cells, which protect against inflammation and carcinogenesis in the colon under normal physiological conditions.