TY - JOUR
T1 - Cellulose nanofiber-reinforced rubber composites prepared by TEMPO-functionalization and elastic kneading
AU - Noguchi, Toru
AU - Niihara, Ken ich
AU - Kurashima, Ayumi
AU - Iwamoto, Rie
AU - Miura, Takashi
AU - Koyama, Akira
AU - Endo, Morinobu
AU - Marubayashi, Hironori
AU - Kumagai, Akemi
AU - Jinnai, Hiroshi
AU - Isogai, Akira
N1 - Funding Information:
This research was supported by the Center of Innovation Program ( COI , Grant Number JPMJCE1316 ) of the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) . This research was supported also by grants from the Project of the National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO) Bio-Oriented Technology Research Advancement Institution, Integration Research for Agriculture and Interdisciplinary Fields. We thank Edanz Group for editing a draft of this manuscript.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 Elsevier Ltd
PY - 2021/7/7
Y1 - 2021/7/7
N2 - Aqueous dispersion consisting of 2,2,6,6-tegramethylpyperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO)-oxidized cellulose nanofibers (TEMPO-CNFs), dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride (DTMACl), and diethylene glycol (DEG) was oven-dried at 40 °C for 1 d to prepare a dried product. The soft and bulky TEMPO-CNF/DTMACl/DEG material was added to a carboxy group-containing nitrile-butadiene rubber (XNBR) followed by removal of all the DEG molecules by vacuum drying at 80 °C for 8 h. The mixture was then subjected to kneading with high shear forces using a two-roll mill at 20–30 °C (i.e., elastic kneading), followed by pressing at 170 °C for 20 min to prepare cross-linked XNBR composite sheets consisting of TEMPO-CNF and DTMACl. The XNBR composite sheet containing 9.9 vol% TEMPO-CNF had an average tensile strength, storage modulus at 23 °C, work of fracture, and elongation at break of 19 MPa, 47 MPa, 2.7 MJ/m3, and 230%, respectively, whereas those of the reference cross-linked XNBR sheet were 11 MPa, 11 MPa, 0.9 MJ/m3, and 220%, respectively. Scanning transmission electron microscopy observation revealed unique fibrillated and cluster-like structures of the TEMPO-CNF were likely responsible for the excellent mechanical and thermal properties. The proposed process is industrially viable for conventional kneading processes to prepare composite rubber sheets with good mechanical and thermal properties.
AB - Aqueous dispersion consisting of 2,2,6,6-tegramethylpyperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO)-oxidized cellulose nanofibers (TEMPO-CNFs), dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride (DTMACl), and diethylene glycol (DEG) was oven-dried at 40 °C for 1 d to prepare a dried product. The soft and bulky TEMPO-CNF/DTMACl/DEG material was added to a carboxy group-containing nitrile-butadiene rubber (XNBR) followed by removal of all the DEG molecules by vacuum drying at 80 °C for 8 h. The mixture was then subjected to kneading with high shear forces using a two-roll mill at 20–30 °C (i.e., elastic kneading), followed by pressing at 170 °C for 20 min to prepare cross-linked XNBR composite sheets consisting of TEMPO-CNF and DTMACl. The XNBR composite sheet containing 9.9 vol% TEMPO-CNF had an average tensile strength, storage modulus at 23 °C, work of fracture, and elongation at break of 19 MPa, 47 MPa, 2.7 MJ/m3, and 230%, respectively, whereas those of the reference cross-linked XNBR sheet were 11 MPa, 11 MPa, 0.9 MJ/m3, and 220%, respectively. Scanning transmission electron microscopy observation revealed unique fibrillated and cluster-like structures of the TEMPO-CNF were likely responsible for the excellent mechanical and thermal properties. The proposed process is industrially viable for conventional kneading processes to prepare composite rubber sheets with good mechanical and thermal properties.
KW - A. Cellulose nanofiber
KW - A. Nanocomposite
KW - A. Rubber
KW - B. Dynamic thermomechanical properties
KW - B. Tensile properties
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U2 - 10.1016/j.compscitech.2021.108815
DO - 10.1016/j.compscitech.2021.108815
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85105008396
VL - 210
JO - Composites Science and Technology
JF - Composites Science and Technology
SN - 0266-3538
M1 - 108815
ER -