Bound state spectrum in the finite volume

The signature of bound state formation on the lattice is of particular interest in this talk. In the finite volume, where all states have discrete energies, it is rather hard to distinguish between a bound state and a scattering state if the bound state were close to threshold, i.e. like a "loosely bound state". To study bound states in the finite volume, we calculate the positronium spec-troscopy in the Higgs phase of U(1) gauge dynamics, where the photon is massive and then massive photons give rise to the short-ranged interparticle force. We try to identify bound state formation on the basis of the Lüscher's finite size method, which suggests specific volume dependences of the energy gap/shift from the threshold energy for either bound states or scattering states.