Abstract
In the past two decades, the Argo Program has collected, processed, and distributed over two million vertical profiles of temperature and salinity from the upper two kilometers of the global ocean. A similar number of subsurface velocity observations near 1,000 dbar have also been collected. This paper recounts the history of the global Argo Program, from its aspiration arising out of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment, to the development and implementation of its instrumentation and telecommunication systems, and the various technical problems encountered. We describe the Argo data system and its quality control procedures, and the gradual changes in the vertical resolution and spatial coverage of Argo data from 1999 to 2019. The accuracies of the float data have been assessed by comparison with high-quality shipboard measurements, and are concluded to be 0.002°C for temperature, 2.4 dbar for pressure, and 0.01 PSS-78 for salinity, after delayed-mode adjustments. Finally, the challenges faced by the vision of an expanding Argo Program beyond 2020 are discussed.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Article number | 700 |
| Journal | Frontiers in Marine Science |
| Volume | 7 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | Published - 2020 Sep 15 |
| Externally published | Yes |
Keywords
- Argo
- floats
- global
- ocean
- pressure
- profiling
- salinity
- temperature
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Oceanography
- Global and Planetary Change
- Aquatic Science
- Water Science and Technology
- Environmental Science (miscellaneous)
- Ocean Engineering
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Argo Data 1999–2019 : Two Million Temperature-Salinity Profiles and Subsurface Velocity Observations From a Global Array of Profiling Floats. / Wong, Annie P.S.; Wijffels, Susan E.; Riser, Stephen C.; Pouliquen, Sylvie; Hosoda, Shigeki; Roemmich, Dean; Gilson, John; Johnson, Gregory C.; Martini, Kim; Murphy, David J.; Scanderbeg, Megan; Bhaskar, T. V.S.Udaya; Buck, Justin J.H.; Merceur, Frederic; Carval, Thierry; Maze, Guillaume; Cabanes, Cécile; André, Xavier; Poffa, Noé; Yashayaev, Igor; Barker, Paul M.; Guinehut, Stéphanie; Belbéoch, Mathieu; Ignaszewski, Mark; Baringer, Molly O.Neil; Schmid, Claudia; Lyman, John M.; McTaggart, Kristene E.; Purkey, Sarah G.; Zilberman, Nathalie; Alkire, Matthew B.; Swift, Dana; Owens, W. Brechner; Jayne, Steven R.; Hersh, Cora; Robbins, Pelle; West-Mack, Deb; Bahr, Frank; Yoshida, Sachiko; Sutton, Philip J.H.; Cancouët, Romain; Coatanoan, Christine; Dobbler, Delphine; Juan, Andrea Garcia; Gourrion, Jerôme; Kolodziejczyk, Nicolas; Bernard, Vincent; Bourlès, Bernard; Claustre, Hervé; D'Ortenzio, Fabrizio; Le Reste, Serge; Le Traon, Pierre Yve; Rannou, Jean Philippe; Saout-Grit, Carole; Speich, Sabrina; Thierry, Virginie; Verbrugge, Nathalie; Angel-Benavides, Ingrid M.; Klein, Birgit; Notarstefano, Giulio; Poulain, Pierre Marie; Vélez-Belchí, Pedro; Suga, Toshio; Ando, Kentaro; Iwasaska, Naoto; Kobayashi, Taiyo; Masuda, Shuhei; Oka, Eitarou; Sato, Kanako; Nakamura, Tomoaki; Sato, Katsunari; Takatsuki, Yasushi; Yoshida, Takashi; Cowley, Rebecca; Lovell, Jenny L.; Oke, Peter R.; van Wijk, Esmee M.; Carse, Fiona; Donnelly, Matthew; Gould, W. John; Gowers, Katie; King, Brian A.; Loch, Stephen G.; Mowat, Mary; Turton, Jon; Rama Rao, E. Pattabhi; Ravichandran, M.; Freeland, Howard J.; Gaboury, Isabelle; Gilbert, Denis; Greenan, Blair J.W.; Ouellet, Mathieu; Ross, Tetjana; Tran, Anh; Dong, Mingmei; Liu, Zenghong; Xu, Jianping; Kang, Ki Ryong; Jo, Hyeong Jun; Kim, Sung Dae; Park, Hyuk Min.
In: Frontiers in Marine Science, Vol. 7, 700, 15.09.2020.Research output: Contribution to journal › Review article › peer-review
}
TY - JOUR
T1 - Argo Data 1999–2019
T2 - Two Million Temperature-Salinity Profiles and Subsurface Velocity Observations From a Global Array of Profiling Floats
AU - Wong, Annie P.S.
AU - Wijffels, Susan E.
AU - Riser, Stephen C.
AU - Pouliquen, Sylvie
AU - Hosoda, Shigeki
AU - Roemmich, Dean
AU - Gilson, John
AU - Johnson, Gregory C.
AU - Martini, Kim
AU - Murphy, David J.
AU - Scanderbeg, Megan
AU - Bhaskar, T. V.S.Udaya
AU - Buck, Justin J.H.
AU - Merceur, Frederic
AU - Carval, Thierry
AU - Maze, Guillaume
AU - Cabanes, Cécile
AU - André, Xavier
AU - Poffa, Noé
AU - Yashayaev, Igor
AU - Barker, Paul M.
AU - Guinehut, Stéphanie
AU - Belbéoch, Mathieu
AU - Ignaszewski, Mark
AU - Baringer, Molly O.Neil
AU - Schmid, Claudia
AU - Lyman, John M.
AU - McTaggart, Kristene E.
AU - Purkey, Sarah G.
AU - Zilberman, Nathalie
AU - Alkire, Matthew B.
AU - Swift, Dana
AU - Owens, W. Brechner
AU - Jayne, Steven R.
AU - Hersh, Cora
AU - Robbins, Pelle
AU - West-Mack, Deb
AU - Bahr, Frank
AU - Yoshida, Sachiko
AU - Sutton, Philip J.H.
AU - Cancouët, Romain
AU - Coatanoan, Christine
AU - Dobbler, Delphine
AU - Juan, Andrea Garcia
AU - Gourrion, Jerôme
AU - Kolodziejczyk, Nicolas
AU - Bernard, Vincent
AU - Bourlès, Bernard
AU - Claustre, Hervé
AU - D'Ortenzio, Fabrizio
AU - Le Reste, Serge
AU - Le Traon, Pierre Yve
AU - Rannou, Jean Philippe
AU - Saout-Grit, Carole
AU - Speich, Sabrina
AU - Thierry, Virginie
AU - Verbrugge, Nathalie
AU - Angel-Benavides, Ingrid M.
AU - Klein, Birgit
AU - Notarstefano, Giulio
AU - Poulain, Pierre Marie
AU - Vélez-Belchí, Pedro
AU - Suga, Toshio
AU - Ando, Kentaro
AU - Iwasaska, Naoto
AU - Kobayashi, Taiyo
AU - Masuda, Shuhei
AU - Oka, Eitarou
AU - Sato, Kanako
AU - Nakamura, Tomoaki
AU - Sato, Katsunari
AU - Takatsuki, Yasushi
AU - Yoshida, Takashi
AU - Cowley, Rebecca
AU - Lovell, Jenny L.
AU - Oke, Peter R.
AU - van Wijk, Esmee M.
AU - Carse, Fiona
AU - Donnelly, Matthew
AU - Gould, W. John
AU - Gowers, Katie
AU - King, Brian A.
AU - Loch, Stephen G.
AU - Mowat, Mary
AU - Turton, Jon
AU - Rama Rao, E. Pattabhi
AU - Ravichandran, M.
AU - Freeland, Howard J.
AU - Gaboury, Isabelle
AU - Gilbert, Denis
AU - Greenan, Blair J.W.
AU - Ouellet, Mathieu
AU - Ross, Tetjana
AU - Tran, Anh
AU - Dong, Mingmei
AU - Liu, Zenghong
AU - Xu, Jianping
AU - Kang, Ki Ryong
AU - Jo, Hyeong Jun
AU - Kim, Sung Dae
AU - Park, Hyuk Min
N1 - Funding Information: AW, SR, and other scientists at the University of Washington (UW) were supported by the US Argo Program through the NOAA Grant NA15OAR4320063 to the Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean (JISAO) at the UW. SW and other scientists at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) were supported by the US Argo Program through the NOAA Grant NA19OAR4320074 (CINAR/WHOI Argo). The Scripps Institution of Oceanography’s role in Argo was supported by the US Argo Program through the NOAA Grant NA15OAR4320071 (CIMEC). Euro-Argo scientists were supported by the Monitoring the Oceans and Funding Information: The authors would like to acknowledge the following people who have made significant contributions to the core Argo Program in the past 20 years but who have retired or departed: Jeff Dunn, Ann Thresher?Australia; Bob Keeley, Ron Perkin?Canada; Shaohua Lin?China; Michel Arhan, Fabienne Gaillard, Catherine Lagadec, Michel Ollitrault?France; Sudheer Joseph?India; Shinya Minato, Keisuke Mizuno, Nobuyuki Shikama, Kensuke Takeuchi, Kazuhiko Hayashi, Mizuho Hoshimoto, Yoshiaki Kanno, Kensaku Kobayashi?Japan; HyunSuk Kang, SangBoom Ryoo, Moon-Sik Suk?South Korea; Stephanie Contardo, Rebecca McCreadie, Lesley Rickards, John Lawson?UK; Silvia Garzoli, Robert Molinari, Stephen Piotrowicz, Norge Larson?USA. We wish to thank the many individuals who have contributed to float design, fabrication, testing, and deployment. In particular, John Hunt (NIWA) is acknowledged for his exceptional contribution to float deployment from the RV Kaharoa voyages. Argo data are collected and made freely available by the International Argo Program and the national programs that contribute to it. (10.17882/42182 ). This paper is PMEL Contribution Number 5102. Funding. AW, SR, and other scientists at the University of Washington (UW) were supported by the US Argo Program through the NOAA Grant NA15OAR4320063 to the Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean (JISAO) at the UW. SW and other scientists at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) were supported by the US Argo Program through the NOAA Grant NA19OAR4320074 (CINAR/WHOI Argo). The Scripps Institution of Oceanography's role in Argo was supported by the US Argo Program through the NOAA Grant NA15OAR4320071 (CIMEC). Euro-Argo scientists were supported by the Monitoring the Oceans and Climate Change with Argo (MOCCA) project, under the Grant Agreement EASME/EMFF/2015/1.2.1.1/SI2.709624 for the European Commission. Publisher Copyright: © Copyright © 2020 Wong, Wijffels, Riser, Pouliquen, Hosoda, Roemmich, Gilson, Johnson, Martini, Murphy, Scanderbeg, Bhaskar, Buck, Merceur, Carval, Maze, Cabanes, André, Poffa, Yashayaev, Barker, Guinehut, Belbéoch, Ignaszewski, Baringer, Schmid, Lyman, McTaggart, Purkey, Zilberman, Alkire, Swift, Owens, Jayne, Hersh, Robbins, West-Mack, Bahr, Yoshida, Sutton, Cancouët, Coatanoan, Dobbler, Juan, Gourrion, Kolodziejczyk, Bernard, Bourlès, Claustre, D'Ortenzio, Le Reste, Le Traon, Rannou, Saout-Grit, Speich, Thierry, Verbrugge, Angel-Benavides, Klein, Notarstefano, Poulain, Vélez-Belchí, Suga, Ando, Iwasaska, Kobayashi, Masuda, Oka, Sato, Nakamura, Sato, Takatsuki, Yoshida, Cowley, Lovell, Oke, van Wijk, Carse, Donnelly, Gould, Gowers, King, Loch, Mowat, Turton, Rama Rao, Ravichandran, Freeland, Gaboury, Gilbert, Greenan, Ouellet, Ross, Tran, Dong, Liu, Xu, Kang, Jo, Kim and Park.
PY - 2020/9/15
Y1 - 2020/9/15
N2 - In the past two decades, the Argo Program has collected, processed, and distributed over two million vertical profiles of temperature and salinity from the upper two kilometers of the global ocean. A similar number of subsurface velocity observations near 1,000 dbar have also been collected. This paper recounts the history of the global Argo Program, from its aspiration arising out of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment, to the development and implementation of its instrumentation and telecommunication systems, and the various technical problems encountered. We describe the Argo data system and its quality control procedures, and the gradual changes in the vertical resolution and spatial coverage of Argo data from 1999 to 2019. The accuracies of the float data have been assessed by comparison with high-quality shipboard measurements, and are concluded to be 0.002°C for temperature, 2.4 dbar for pressure, and 0.01 PSS-78 for salinity, after delayed-mode adjustments. Finally, the challenges faced by the vision of an expanding Argo Program beyond 2020 are discussed.
AB - In the past two decades, the Argo Program has collected, processed, and distributed over two million vertical profiles of temperature and salinity from the upper two kilometers of the global ocean. A similar number of subsurface velocity observations near 1,000 dbar have also been collected. This paper recounts the history of the global Argo Program, from its aspiration arising out of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment, to the development and implementation of its instrumentation and telecommunication systems, and the various technical problems encountered. We describe the Argo data system and its quality control procedures, and the gradual changes in the vertical resolution and spatial coverage of Argo data from 1999 to 2019. The accuracies of the float data have been assessed by comparison with high-quality shipboard measurements, and are concluded to be 0.002°C for temperature, 2.4 dbar for pressure, and 0.01 PSS-78 for salinity, after delayed-mode adjustments. Finally, the challenges faced by the vision of an expanding Argo Program beyond 2020 are discussed.
KW - Argo
KW - floats
KW - global
KW - ocean
KW - pressure
KW - profiling
KW - salinity
KW - temperature
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85091870827&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85091870827&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3389/fmars.2020.00700
DO - 10.3389/fmars.2020.00700
M3 - Review article
AN - SCOPUS:85091870827
VL - 7
JO - Frontiers in Marine Science
JF - Frontiers in Marine Science
SN - 2296-7745
M1 - 700
ER -