TY - JOUR
T1 - An early phase of environmental effects on galaxy properties unveiled by near-infrared spectroscopy of protocluster galaxies at z > 2
AU - Shimakawa, Rhythm
AU - Kodama, Tadayuki
AU - Tadaki, Ken ichi
AU - Hayashi, Masao
AU - Koyama, Yusei
AU - Tanaka, Ichi
N1 - Funding Information:
This paper is based on the data collected at Subaru Telescope,which is operated by the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan.We acknowledge Dr K. Aoki and Dr K. Yabe at Subaru Telescope for useful discussion. This work is financially supported in part by a Grant-in-Aid for the Scientific Research (nos 21340045 and 24244015) by the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology.We thank the referee for acknowledgments and kind help to improve the statement.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2015 The Authors. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society.
PY - 2015/3/21
Y1 - 2015/3/21
N2 - This work presents the results from our near-infrared spectroscopy of narrow-band-selected Hα emitters (HAEs) in two rich overdensities (PKS 1138-262 at z = 2.2 and USS 1558-003 at z = 2.5) with the Multi-Object Infrared Camera and Spectrograph on the Subaru telescope. These protoclusters are promising candidates for the most massive class of galaxy clusters seen today (Paper I). The confirmed HAEs in the protoclusters at z > 2 show high excitation levels as characterized by much higher [O III]/Hβ or [O III]/Hα line ratios than those of general galaxies at low-z. Such a high excitation level may not only be driven by high specific star formation rates and lower gaseous metallicities, but also be contributed by some other effects. We investigate the environmental dependence of gaseous metallicities by comparing the HAEs in the protoclustrers with those in the general field at similar redshifts.We find that the gaseous metallicities of protocluster galaxies are more chemically enriched than those of field galaxies at a given stellar mass in the range of M* ≲ 1011M⊙. This can be attributed to many processes, such as intrinsic (or nature) effects, external (or nurture) effects, and/or some systematic sampling effects. The intrinsic (nature) effect leads to the advanced stage of 'downsizing' galaxy evolution in protoclusters. On the other hand, the external (nurture) effects include the recycling of chemically enriched gas due to the higher pressure of intergalactic medium and/or stripping of outer gas in the reservoir in protoclusters.We also find that the offset of the mass-metallicity relation in dense environment becomes larger at higher redshifts. This can be naturally understood by the fact that the inflow/outflow rates in star-forming galaxies are much higher at higher redshifts. Therefore, the environmental dependence of such 'feeding' and 'feedback' mechanisms in galaxy formation is probably playing major roles in producing the offset of the mass-metallicity relation for the protocluster galaxies at z > 2.
AB - This work presents the results from our near-infrared spectroscopy of narrow-band-selected Hα emitters (HAEs) in two rich overdensities (PKS 1138-262 at z = 2.2 and USS 1558-003 at z = 2.5) with the Multi-Object Infrared Camera and Spectrograph on the Subaru telescope. These protoclusters are promising candidates for the most massive class of galaxy clusters seen today (Paper I). The confirmed HAEs in the protoclusters at z > 2 show high excitation levels as characterized by much higher [O III]/Hβ or [O III]/Hα line ratios than those of general galaxies at low-z. Such a high excitation level may not only be driven by high specific star formation rates and lower gaseous metallicities, but also be contributed by some other effects. We investigate the environmental dependence of gaseous metallicities by comparing the HAEs in the protoclustrers with those in the general field at similar redshifts.We find that the gaseous metallicities of protocluster galaxies are more chemically enriched than those of field galaxies at a given stellar mass in the range of M* ≲ 1011M⊙. This can be attributed to many processes, such as intrinsic (or nature) effects, external (or nurture) effects, and/or some systematic sampling effects. The intrinsic (nature) effect leads to the advanced stage of 'downsizing' galaxy evolution in protoclusters. On the other hand, the external (nurture) effects include the recycling of chemically enriched gas due to the higher pressure of intergalactic medium and/or stripping of outer gas in the reservoir in protoclusters.We also find that the offset of the mass-metallicity relation in dense environment becomes larger at higher redshifts. This can be naturally understood by the fact that the inflow/outflow rates in star-forming galaxies are much higher at higher redshifts. Therefore, the environmental dependence of such 'feeding' and 'feedback' mechanisms in galaxy formation is probably playing major roles in producing the offset of the mass-metallicity relation for the protocluster galaxies at z > 2.
KW - Galaxies: clusters: general
KW - Galaxies: evolution
KW - Galaxies: formation
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U2 - 10.1093/mnras/stv051
DO - 10.1093/mnras/stv051
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85015618718
VL - 448
SP - 666
EP - 680
JO - Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
JF - Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
SN - 0035-8711
IS - 1
ER -